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  • Introduction
  • Building Blocks
    • Compute Architecture
      • GPU Architecture Overview
      • CPU vs GPU Computing
      • Tensor Cores
      • CUDA Cores
      • NVIDIA A100 Architecture
      • NVIDIA H100 Architecture
      • Google TPU Architecture
      • Numerical Precision
      • GPU Driver Stack
      • Host CPU Systems
    • Memory Systems
      • Memory Hierarchy
      • High Bandwidth Memory (HBM)
      • System Memory (DRAM)
      • Cache Architecture
      • Memory Bandwidth
      • Cache Coherency
    • Interconnects
      • Network Topology
      • NVIDIA NVLink
      • PCIe Interface
      • InfiniBand
      • RDMA Technology
      • Ethernet Networks
    • Storage Systems
      • Storage Technologies
      • Parallel File Systems
      • Distributed Storage
      • GPUDirect Storage
      • I/O Patterns
      • Data Pipeline Optimization
    • Power & Cooling
      • Power Consumption
      • Power Infrastructure
      • Power Delivery
      • Cooling Systems
      • Power Usage Effectiveness
      • Heat Density Management
    • Understanding Performance
      • Computing Performance (FLOPS)
      • System Bandwidth
      • System Latency
      • System Throughput
      • Resource Utilization
      • Energy Efficiency
      • Benchmarking
    • Parallel Processing
      • Distributed Training Overview
      • Model Parallelism
      • Data Parallelism
      • Pipeline Parallelism
    • Software Stack
      • AI Frameworks
        • PyTorch
        • TensorFlow
      • Parallel Computing
        • Message Passing Interface (MPI)
        • NVIDIA NCCL
        • OpenMP
      • Virtualization
        • Containers
        • GPU Virtualization
      • CUDA Programming
      • Operating Systems
      • Orchestration
  • Single Node Systems
    • DGX A100 Architecture
    • DGX H100 Architecture
    • NVLink Topology
    • NVSwitch Architecture
    • Node Optimization
  • Multi-Node Architecture
    • DGX POD Architecture
      • POD Architecture
      • POD Networking
      • Storage Architecture
      • POD Management
    • Multi-Pod Scaling
      • Network Architecture
      • Storage Architecture
      • Power & Cooling
  • Training at Scale
    • System Architecture
      • Model Distribution
      • Data Parallelism
      • Communication Patterns
    • Data Management
      • Data Pipeline
      • Storage Hierarchy
      • I/O Optimization
    • Performance
      • Bottleneck Analysis
      • GPU Utilization
      • Network Optimization
      • Memory Management
    • Scaling Strategies
      • Cluster Scaling
      • Efficiency Metrics
      • Debugging
  • Operations & Management
    • Deployment
      • Cluster Setup
      • Network Setup
      • Storage Setup
    • Monitoring
      • System Metrics
      • Training Metrics
      • Alerting
    • Maintenance
      • System Updates
      • Troubleshooting
      • Backup & Recovery
    • Optimization
      • Power Management
      • Cost Optimization
      • Performance Tuning
  • Commercial Systems
    • NVIDIA Systems
      • Selene Supercomputer
      • DGX SuperPOD
    • Google Infrastructure
      • TPU v4 Pod
    • Meta Infrastructure
      • Research SuperCluster
  • Introduction
  • Building Blocks
    • Compute Architecture
      • GPU Architecture Overview
      • CPU vs GPU Computing
      • Tensor Cores
      • CUDA Cores
      • NVIDIA A100 Architecture
      • NVIDIA H100 Architecture
      • Google TPU Architecture
      • Numerical Precision
      • GPU Driver Stack
      • Host CPU Systems
    • Memory Systems
      • Memory Hierarchy
      • High Bandwidth Memory (HBM)
      • System Memory (DRAM)
      • Cache Architecture
      • Memory Bandwidth
      • Cache Coherency
    • Interconnects
      • Network Topology
      • NVIDIA NVLink
      • PCIe Interface
      • InfiniBand
      • RDMA Technology
      • Ethernet Networks
    • Storage Systems
      • Storage Technologies
      • Parallel File Systems
      • Distributed Storage
      • GPUDirect Storage
      • I/O Patterns
      • Data Pipeline Optimization
    • Power & Cooling
      • Power Consumption
      • Power Infrastructure
      • Power Delivery
      • Cooling Systems
      • Power Usage Effectiveness
      • Heat Density Management
    • Understanding Performance
      • Computing Performance (FLOPS)
      • System Bandwidth
      • System Latency
      • System Throughput
      • Resource Utilization
      • Energy Efficiency
      • Benchmarking
    • Parallel Processing
      • Distributed Training Overview
      • Model Parallelism
      • Data Parallelism
      • Pipeline Parallelism
    • Software Stack
      • AI Frameworks
        • PyTorch
        • TensorFlow
      • Parallel Computing
        • Message Passing Interface (MPI)
        • NVIDIA NCCL
        • OpenMP
      • Virtualization
        • Containers
        • GPU Virtualization
      • CUDA Programming
      • Operating Systems
      • Orchestration
  • Single Node Systems
    • DGX A100 Architecture
    • DGX H100 Architecture
    • NVLink Topology
    • NVSwitch Architecture
    • Node Optimization
  • Multi-Node Architecture
    • DGX POD Architecture
      • POD Architecture
      • POD Networking
      • Storage Architecture
      • POD Management
    • Multi-Pod Scaling
      • Network Architecture
      • Storage Architecture
      • Power & Cooling
  • Training at Scale
    • System Architecture
      • Model Distribution
      • Data Parallelism
      • Communication Patterns
    • Data Management
      • Data Pipeline
      • Storage Hierarchy
      • I/O Optimization
    • Performance
      • Bottleneck Analysis
      • GPU Utilization
      • Network Optimization
      • Memory Management
    • Scaling Strategies
      • Cluster Scaling
      • Efficiency Metrics
      • Debugging
  • Operations & Management
    • Deployment
      • Cluster Setup
      • Network Setup
      • Storage Setup
    • Monitoring
      • System Metrics
      • Training Metrics
      • Alerting
    • Maintenance
      • System Updates
      • Troubleshooting
      • Backup & Recovery
    • Optimization
      • Power Management
      • Cost Optimization
      • Performance Tuning
  • Commercial Systems
    • NVIDIA Systems
      • Selene Supercomputer
      • DGX SuperPOD
    • Google Infrastructure
      • TPU v4 Pod
    • Meta Infrastructure
      • Research SuperCluster
  • Contact ↗ (opens in a new tab)
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Building Blocks
Memory Systems
System Memory (DRAM)

Work in Progress. Will be updated soon...

Last updated on December 2, 2024
High Bandwidth Memory (HBM)Cache Architecture
Open Source under the MIT License